Themes of Madness in Hamlet

Themes of Madness in Hamlet To be or not to be begins one of the most famous soliloquies of all time by an author that has stood the test of time, William Shakespeare in his play, Hamlet. There are several different themes that are relayed within Hamlets story. These themes include death, obsession, and betrayal, all of which contribute in some manner to encourage Hamlets madness. In every theme, the audience can relate on a universal level both back in the day and in contemporary times as death, obsession and betrayal are common entities, well known today and will continue to be known and understood until the end of time. There are many overlapping themes that all relate back to Hamlets madness, specifically including death, obsession, and betrayal. Nature of Hamlet The underlying theme of madness is represented quite often in the play. In the play, Hamlet exhibits a puzzling nature. Hamlet contradicts himself throughout out the play. He endorses both of the virtues of acting a role and being true to ones self. He further supports both of these conflicting endorsements with his actions. This ambiguity is demonstrated by his alleged madness, for he does behave madly, only to become perfectly calm and rational an instant later. These inconsistencies are related with the internal dilemmas he faces. He struggles with the issue of revenging his fathers death, vowing to kill Claudius and then backing out, several times. In the first act Hamlet appears to be very straightforward in his actions and inner state. When questioned by Gertrude about his melancholy appearance Hamlet says, Seems, madam? Nay it is. I know not seems (1.2.76). This is to say I am what I appear to be. Later he makes a clear statement about his state when he commits himself to revenge. In this statement the play makes an easy to follow shift. This shift consists of Hamlet giving up the role of a student and mourning son. Hamlet says,Ill wipe away all trivial fond records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past, That youth and observation copied there, And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brain (1.5.99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ103) Hamlet is declaring that he will be committed to nothing else but the revenge of his fathers death. Conviction When Hamlet appears again in act two, it seems that he has lost the conviction that was present earlier. He has yet to take up the part assigned to him by the ghost. He spends the act walking around, reading, talking with Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the players. It is not until the very end of the act that he even mentions vengeance. If he had any of the conviction shown earlier he would be presently working on his vengeance. So instead of playing the part of vengeful son, or dropping the issue entirely, he hangs out in the middle, pretending to be mad. This is shown when he says to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I know notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœlost all my mirth, foregone all custom of exercise (2.2.298à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ299). Later he tells them that he is just feigning madness when he says, I am but mad northà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnorthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœwest, when the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw (2.2.380à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ381). Admitting so blatantly that he is only feigning madness would imply that he is comfortable with it. He also seems to be generally comfortable with acting. This is evidenced when he says, there is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so (2.2.251à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ252). Hamlet is saying that behavior shapes reality. Hamlet is prompted to vengeance, again, by the moving speech that is given by one of the players. About this speech he says, Whats Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, That he should weep for her? What would he do Had he motive and cue for passion, That I have? (2.2.561à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ564) In this praise of this players ability to act, Hamlet is saying that if he were such an actor he would have killed Claudius by now. This link between vengeance and acting that is present here is what Hamlet struggles with until very near the end. When Hamlet is advising the player on how his lines should be read he says, Suit the action to the word, the word to the action (3.2.17à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ18). If Hamlet would follow his own advice he would not have a conflict. This shows that he is not consistent within himself. Hamlet is saying one should not distinguish between word and actions, but he does maintain this separation. Yet when Hamlet speaks with Horatio he praises him for being objective, levelheaded, and for having a consistent character. He is praising Horatio for being true to himself, not being an actor. Hamlet says,Give me that man, That is not passions slave, and I will wear him, In my hearts core, ay, in my heart of heart, As I do thee. (3.2.69à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ72) Hamlet is saying this because he wants Horatio to watch the King at the play. He is unsure of his uncles guilt, and he wants proof. He wants it from someone who he thinks is honest throughout. It comes back to acting and vengeance or in this case he has failed in his vengeance and needs Horatio to agree with him. Hamlet says to Horatio, Observe mine uncle. If his occulted guilt, Do not itself unkernnel in one speech, It is a dammed ghost we have seen, (3.2.77à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ80) Proof, however, does not have any thing to do with the role Hamlet is supposed to play, but there is more to it than that. The interesting thing is that his uncle will be judged by how he acts during the play. If the King is a good actor, and does not show his guilt, he will most likely not be killed. However, the King is not a good actor and when he rises Hamlet responds with, What, frighten with false fire? (3.2.254). Its as if Hamlet is saying its only a play, its not real. He does say something to this e ffect a few lines before. Your majesty, and we that have free souls, it touches us not (3.2.229à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ230). This new proof drives Hamlet to use more words. He is again to talk of killing, and he says, Now I could drink hot blood (3.2.379). He again associates this with a role, that of Nero. The soul of Nero enter this firm bosom (3.2.383). Later Hamlet again talks himself out of character and does not kill the King. He puts it off until later and says, When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, At gaming, swearing, or about some act, That has no relish of salvation in it, Then trip him that his heels may kick at heaven, And that his soul may be dammed and black (3.3.89à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ94) Death Hamlet frequently thinks about suicide throughout the course of the play. Hamlets perspective on his life can be seen in his To be or not to be speech. Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And, by opposing, end them. To die, to sleep- No more, and by a sleep to say we end The heartache and the thousand natural shocks is only the beginning of his verse (3.1.59-64). By mentioning the thoughts of suffering the slings and arrows that are naturally lifes tribulations, followed by the consideration of facing a sea of troubles by living, it is apparent that he desires to experience death. Hamlet hopes to avoid and not to be subjected to inevitable heartache that is simply part of life, and by wishing to not have to tolerate pain, exhibits his wish to die. At the end, Hamlet has apparently made the decision that he would rather die, but if, and only if he were not afraid of what would come after death . In a manner of speaking, this also reflected Hamlets depression in that he would constantly think about death. He was melancholy to say the least. The question remains as to whether or not this is madness. In truth, it is possible that because he contemplates suicide in a very real way, it could possibly be thought of as madness as it is not a thought that any normal person would ever have. Instead, a normal individual may see issues in life that need to be dealt with instead of run away from which may have been what Hamlet was doing. Madness surrounds this possibility of death because most individuals will never truly contemplate taking their own life in any normal circumstances. In any event, Hamlets uncertainty is also what drives Hamlets obsessions, which revolve around the betrayal leading to the death of his father. Obsession and Betrayal Hamlets obsession revolves around the betrayal his family has faced at the hands of his uncle. Despite the fact that Hamlet appears to have been given evidence that his uncle did, as a matter of fact, murder his father, it seems as though this so-called evidence is simply not enough for Hamlet to be absolutely certain. Where wilt though lead me? Speak; Ill go no further Hamlet begins in Scene V (Shakespeare) Although this statement may be perceived as Hamlet attempting to stand his ground in search for answers as to what is happening, the other side of this could also be that he is somewhat afraid of the specter that is standing in front of him. During Shakespeares time period, fear of ghosts was not unusual because it was believed that ghosts did indeed exist as a way of explaining sometimes what seemed to be supernatural things. The ghost of Shakespeares Hamlet first appears in Act I and reveals truths to Hamlet, one of which is admitting that he is Hamlets murdered father. A conve rsation takes place between Hamlet and the ghost of his dead father where the ghost openly accuses Claudius, Hamlets uncle, of having been the murderer by stating that The serpent that did sting thy fathers life Now wears his crown (1.5.39-40). If the ghost is indeed Hamlets father and is to be believed, theoretically, the ghosts accusation should be all of the proof that Hamlet needs, yet he continually searches for proof, all the while replacing normal joys with his obsession to know the absolute truth behind the betrayal the resulted in the death of his beloved father. Eventually, his obsession with his fathers death gets reinforced by an increase in separation from his family as well as his loved ones. Simply seeing a ghost raises questions of madness because reality says that there are no such things as ghosts, but yet, people still claim to see ghosts. In this particular case, it can be thought that Hamlet descended into madness even further as he attempted to come to terms with several factors that surrounded this particular event in the play. The first factor that really stands out is the fact that Hamlet sees a ghost period. Not too many people will see such things unless they are perhaps clinically and mentally disturbed. That is the first implication that signals Hamlets madness. It continues even as others see what Hamlet sees. Even Hamlets friends, Horatio and Marcellus, see him after Hamlet has seen his fathers ghost. Hamlet truly wants closure for the loss of his father and as such, urgently wants assurances as to what has been witnessed from his friends perspectives. While his friends fear the ghost, Hamlet feels as though he must go in order for the ghost to talk to hi m. Is it madness that drives him to go forth and attempt to communicate with the ghost? Honestly, it can be looked at from either perspective. Simply believing that an individual can even talk to a ghost is somewhat disturbing. There would have to be some sort of mental illness or blockage there to believe that he truly was talking to his fathers ghost. At the same time, maybe it was not madness as it could have been because there are many different ways that an individual learns to cope with what they are dealing with. In this case, Hamlet must learn to deal with the loss of his father and perhaps seeing something like a specter is in fact his coping mechanism. That cannot possibly be healthy, but for lack of better explanation, at least it is a way to cope. On the other hand, it can even be questioned as to whether or not he may instead be experiencing a true mental illness like schizophrenia. The only reason that can be tossed out the window as an option is because his friends al so see the ghost even if they are unaware as to who or what it is supposed to stand for. Also considering the fact that the only person that the ghost talks to is Hamlet, it would seem that perhaps this was also because Hamlet was the only one willing to see and talk to the ghost. Perhaps that is also a sign of madness as he allowed himself to communicate with someone that really should not exist in any real scientific manner. Since Hamlet seemed to be far past the idea true sanity, it would further seem that his talking to a ghost would simply add to the madness that is Hamlet. As the play progresses, Hamlet has become separate emotionally from his family and the woman he once proclaimed to love, Ophelia. He would rather push Ophelia away and encourage her to go to a nunnery because of the way he has come to view women in general. He goes on to tell her that he loved her once, only to say that Ophelia should not have believed me, for virtue cannot so inoculate our old stock but we shall relish of it. I loved you not (3.1.119-121). How hurtful that was to the fair Ophelia and did nothing but make her wish for the Hamlet she once knew. Clinical depression exhibits withdrawal from loved ones, as Hamlet has done here with Ophelia. Hamlet even finds it necessary to be vulgar towards Ophelia as it would have been impossible for him to continue to love her while simultaneously attempting to avenge Hamlet pulled away from the woman he had once proclaimed to love and still continued to contemplate his fathers death as well as his own. The death of Hamlets father is also reflective of the types of plays that were written of the time which were morality plays. The play contains many elements that are reminiscent of the Dark Ages such as the idea of the nation being diseased like a physical being which reminds the audience of the plague that had run rampant during medieval times. It is interesting that the health of the country and the well-being of the family are so closely related in such a manner that the country actually reflects the family. This brings forth the dark ages to the audience because the people held the royal family largely responsible for the plague and felt as though the royal family could have done more for the people as opposed to simply getting away. Denmark is constantly described as a physical person that has been made ill by the moral corruption within the family. In writing Hamlet, Shakespeare wrote what was common for that time which was a morality play. Clearly, morality played a significa nt part in the entire piece as Hamlet struggled with the idea of death. After the kings death, Hamlet is obsessed with death and looks at death from several different points of view. Then again, death was a common component of life during the dark ages what with the plague having run its course through Europe. With all of the surrounding destruction, contemplating death was normal, but for Hamlet, it took a slightly different twist. Real Madness or Not? Some might argue that Hamlets madness was real or not, but in truth, it was a truly disastrous time in Hamlets life. His father had passed away and his uncle had just married his widowed mother. This was then followed by the appearance of the ghost of his dead father with instructions for revenge, and then as if that were not enough, Ophelias father had made it impossible for Hamlet to see her. It is no wonder that Hamlet had episodes of madness throughout the play and appeared to lose touch with reality a number of times. In all reality, Hamlet never fully lost touch with reality and as such did eventually stop exhibiting his insanity after his argument with Laertes in the graveyard. Even in considering the revenge that was plotted against Claudius required some sort of reality hold in order to plan something effectively for it to really work. Once Hamlet saw his ghost of a father, his sole purpose in life was to uncover the truth about the matter and avenge his father should it be deemed necessary. From that perspective, madness seemed to be the perfect vessel to manipulate the way that the people worked around him. In fact, madness allowed him to confuse Polonius into believing that Ophelia was the root of his madness so much in fact that Polonius went to the king and queen who also seem inclined to believe that Ophelia could in fact be the cause of Hamlets madness. For Hamlet to carry this on effectively, he would have had to retain some sort of connection to reality in order to manipulate those that would otherwise doubt whether or not he actually knew what he was talking about. Hamlet was a brilliant man indeed! Final Thoughts It would seem that being a good actor is paramount to survival in this play. Polonius could not stick to the role of adviser and was trying to convince the King that Hamlet was in love with his daughter. This leads him to spy on Hamlet, and because he could not do that right either, is killed. Ophelia could not handle the role of mourning for her father, goes mad and dies as a result. The King could not cover up his guilt, so Hamlet has the proof he needs to spur him on. Overall, Hamlet, who if he would have acted as the ghost instructed him to in the first place, instead of flip flopping around, would have killed Claudius outright. Had Hamlet been truly comfortable with acting, Claudius would have been the only causality. Depending on how Hamlet is examined, it would appear that there are both real and not quite so real bouts of madness. Given the time in his life, it would be more likely that Hamlet would in fact be a victim of madness while still retaining some of his ability to keep in touch with reality to some extent. This attachment is what kept Hamlet from going entirely over the edge, but ultimately, his madness is what caused the story to take the path that it did because his madness led to his obsession which bled over into several different other themes within the play.

Mahiganting Langit

The poem Mahiganting Langit is from the literary work of Francisco Balagtas entitled Florante at Laura and this was considered as one of the masterpiece on Philippine Literature. Francisco Balagtas wrote several poems but what makes him well-known is the poem Florante at Laura. Florante at Laura is a depiction of the unconditional love between two people despite of all the hardship given by the situation.The selection Mahiganting Langit focuses on the struggle of Florante in trying to explain the agony he experienced in pursuing his love to Laura. It shows the detailed of his sufferings to the point that he started questioning forces above. The entire stanzas in the selected poem I find it interesting but what I like the most on the poem Mahiganting Langit is, â€Å"Bakit Kalangita'y bingi Ka sa akin?Ang tapat kong luhog ay hindi mo dinggin? ‘di yata't sa isang alipusta't iling sampung tainga mo'y ipinangunguling?†I interpreted this as Florante’s questioning of wh y his grievances in life cannot be heard. As shown in the stanza Florante’s having a doubt on the goodness of God. He considered the situation befallen upon him as a direct ill-treated by the God. And God not even pay attention to his plea. This particular stanza can happen to anyone most of the time that we felt that there is no one is listening to us not even God. When we are having hard times in life we always tend to ask why. We question why God is doing this to us not thinking that God give us challenges to be a strong person and God don’t give us test for us not to overcome.For my reaction about the given poem, though the fact that it is written in our native language but still it’s very hard to comprehend the thought conveyed by the author. Nevertheless, having it read a couple of times the meaning of every stanza starts to become clearer, on this point a person reading it will understand and relay it to the current situation especially when it comes to r eal life love scenario, this characteristic of the poem made by the author amaze me the most.

Is Lady Macbeth the villain of the play? Essay

The fact that Lady Macbeth is called ‘a fiend-like queen’ by Malcolm automatically makes the audience view her as a demon, thus making the audience dislike her even more. Lady Macbeth could be viewed as an evil demon or as a supportive and guilt-eaten wife. However there are many events and circumstances which we should take into consideration before any conclusions are formulated. Lady Macbeth’s deceptive, persuasive and potentially witch-like manner should not be overlooked. Although she is the instigator of many of the tragic events in the play, she also comes across as being a loyal and supportive wife. We first meet with Lady Macbeth in Act 1, Scene 5 where she could be viewed as being very close to Macbeth as it seems that she knows him very well. When she reads his letter she does not mock him or doubt his character once which shows that she could indeed be the loyal wife. Although she sees Macbeth as being kind and brave, she also shows her witch-like qualities when she says that she will pour spirits into his ear to make him have more courage in order to kill Duncan to gain the throne; â€Å"That I may pour my spirits in thine ear.† Lady Macbeth calls upon evil spirits to remove her gentler feelings so that she doesn’t feel any guilt or fear. This would make the audience view Lady Macbeth as a witch or a demon and thus making them take an instant disliking to her. When Macbeth arrives at their castle at Inverness he talks with Lady Macbeth and then it becomes apparent that Lady Macbeth has a plan which will lead to Macbeth becoming King. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to act normal when Duncan visits the castle, but to be dangerous and sneaky underneath; â€Å"Your hand, your tongue; look like th’innocent flower, But be the serpent under’t† When Duncan arrives at the castle, Lady Macbeth appears to be a very welcoming and charming hostess and her flattery hides her intentions. In Act1, Scene 7 Lady Macbeth’s true character comes to light and we see that she taunts and accuses Macbeth of cowardice. The way that she treats Macbeth in this scene contradicts the fact that she was a very supportive wife to start with. She taunts his strength and even accuses him of not loving her enough. Macbeth saying that he doesn’t want to kill Duncan makes Lady Macbeth very angry and she says that he has broken a promise and also that she would sooner kill her own baby that break a promise; feelings that very few women have. Lady Macbeth seems to manipulate Macbeth’s feelings very easily and it is obvious that she has a very big influence on Macbeth, and eventually, Macbeth decides to kill Duncan. Even though there are many events which support the fact that Lady Macbeth is the villain of the play, in Act 2, Scene 2, we see that she is not as tough and as strong as she shows; â€Å"That which hath made them drunk, hath made me bold; What hath quenched them, hath given me fire.† This shows that Lady Macbeth had to have a drink to calm down and to make herself brave as she keeps on hearing noises in the night and she is convinced that they are the screams of Duncan, when in fact they are owls. When Macbeth returns from Duncan’s room with two daggers she fears that he has not committed the murder and then she says that she could not have committed the murder as Duncan looked too much like her father! Neither Macbeth nor Lady Macbeth think straight in this scene, but it is Lady Macbeth that decides to return to Duncan’s room with the daggers and put them next to the guards to ensure that their plan goes as they intended. This could be her way of helping put the murder to a complete close and to ensure that they do not feel guilty. Lady Macbeth then plans an alibi and tells Macbeth that she does not feel guilty. The enormity of his crime grows along with the confidence of Lady Macbeth which could be a sign of worse events to come. When news of Duncan’s murder goes around the castle, Lady Macbeth again acts well in the defence of herself and Macbeth by covering up her guilt and knowledge of what’s happened by fainting in order to draw attention away from Macbeth as not to give too much away. The fact that Lady Macbeth is a consummate actress creates a feeling of insecurity in my mind as whether to trust her or to doubt everything she does, which I am sure is a feeling felt by any reader or audience of the play. The fact that Lady Macbeth is the villain of the play so far is somewhat changed when we reach Act 3, Scene 1 when we see that Macbeth plans to murder Banquo. This murder goes underway without Lady Macbeth finding out which could then support that Lady Macbeth is not the villain of the play and the only reason that she planned the murder of Duncan as a way to fulfil her husband’s one and only ambition to become King. Macbeth shows that he is for once in complete control and that he is killing Banquo from his own choice, and is not being urged to do so by anybody else. Lady Macbeth appears to be a very supportive and loyal wife in Act 3, Scene 2 where we see that Lady Macbeth helps Macbeth to overcome his feelings of guilt and insecurity. At the banquet, Lady Macbeth again proves to be a very good actress as she welcomes the guests with a friendly smile and she then covers up Macbeth’s strange behaviour with a convincing story. When Macbeth starts to see the ghost of Banquo sitting next to him, Lady Macbeth reassures him that there is no ghost and then she covers up for him so that the other guests do not view his actions as strange or suspicious; â€Å"Why do you make such faces? When all’s done You look but on a stool.† The way that Lady Macbeth acts on several occasions shows that she is capable of hiding her real feelings which could have lead to the events later on in the play. The next time that we meet with Lady Macbeth is in Act 5, Scene 1 where we see that she is very ill and sleep walking. Lady Macbeth shows great feelings of remorse which shows that maybe she is not the villain of the play. Whilst asleep, Lady Macbeth re-enacts the night of Duncan’s murder through washing her hands in the air and talking; â€Å"Out damned spot! Out, I say!† Her words echo events of the past and this shows that she is permanently thinking of the murders that have taken place. Her caring and supportive manner comes through in the way that she speaks in her sleep and this would again support that she is not the villain of the play. At the end of this scene her true guilt and the fatality of her illness is expressed when the doctor tells Lady Macbeth’s gentle woman to take away any objects which she could harm herself with as he fears that she may commit suicide, this fore-warning does indeed occur later on. In Act 5, Scene 5, Lady Macbeth does actually commit suicide, this is true evidence that Lady Macbeth could not live with the guilt of what has happened and her unhappiness; â€Å"The queen my lord is dead.† The news of Lady Macbeth’s death brings great sorrow upon Macbeth and this makes him realise the futility of his life. This would say that he loved Lady Macbeth and that maybe she wasn’t the pushy and cruel wife that she appeared to be. I conclude that Lady Macbeth was not the villain of the play because she was driven to suicide by the actions of her husband’s actions which she realised were wrong as soon as they were carried out. She did not take part in any of the murders she was merely the instigator of one. The fact that she could not bare to live any longer due to being over come with remorse makes me think that she obviously felt sorry for what happened and that she could not be a villain if she realised the serious nature of what happened as many people do wrong but do not realise that it was wrong. I think that the reason that she planned the murder of Duncan was to fulfil her husband’s ambition and to become queen, a title which she did not feel greatly any way.

Essay on Reflective Teaching Self-directed Professional...

There is an over simplified generalisation often bandied about in Westernised countries that belittles the job of teachers. The phrase goes along the lines of â€Å"Those who can, do. Those who can’t, teach.† While the argument against this statement could fill pages the reality is that teaching is by far one of the most demanding but fulfilling jobs in the world. Teaching may be a job that requires a university degree and some on the job training; however effective teaching is a continual process of reflections, questions and decisions. This essay will examine in depth the cyclic process of effective teachers’ reflections, questions and decisions. Effective teachers will reflect on both their own knowledge and critically evaluate their work;†¦show more content†¦Effective teachers recognise the importance of reflective practice. A teacher engages in reflective practice by â€Å"conducting a critical self-examination of one’s teaching† (Cl arke as cited by Eggen Kauchak, 2010. p. 5). Brookfield (as cited in Marsh, 2010) calls self-reflection a â€Å"crucial habit† (p. 102). Whitton, Barker, Nosworthy, Sinclair Nanlohy (2010) state that reflections are an â€Å"integral part† of a being a teacher, that require a â€Å"review of your day and the lesson’s successes or failures† (pg. 59). This involves a willingness to examine actions taken to determine whether the teaching had a desired outcome of engaged and increased learning for students (Eggen Kauchak, 2010). While acknowledging that reflecting on the days activities as important is beneficial the challenge is to translate these reflections into positive actions. This is accomplished by finding areas where the teaching method can be altered to achieve a more positive outcome while taking into account other social factors that may be hindering a students’ progress. Other factors may include baggage from other areas of life such a s difficulties at home or troubles with peers. 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