New Customer Essays - Economy, Business, Accounting Software

New Customer BSA 310 New Customer New Customer. New Vendor. New Payment. New Deposit. New Expense Report. Pay Statement Report. Private venture bookkeeping programming offers numerous advantages . The product plays out all capacities , and calcula tions are done naturally also the procedure goes a lot quicker. For example, the shipper is gone into the framework once and afterward starting there on you utilize that information to process future installments to that merchant without re-composing the data. Other than the pace of changing accounting data, an other point of convergence of little business accounting writing computer programs is the manner in which it organizes cash related information. The data is saved and sifted through in a specific way, which isn't hard to find. For example if you have to know whether a specific bill was paid, look it toward the structure and it will tell you when the bill was paid, the check number and another bits of knowledge about the vendor - all sifted through in one spot. In case you lose a receipt or a bill, information about it might even now be found in the framework. You can pass on duplicate receipts easily. Rather than flipping through papers, you can look for information that is taken care of in an exact way. A substitute inclination of using accounting programming for little business is the simplicity of activities. On a very basic level, accounting programming could be amazingly sensible and an unbelievable worth. Expenses for getting ready should moreover be thought of, anyway they are ordinarily moderate for the little business visionary. In case you are hesitant to get new programming considering the way that your machine is old and touchy, consider using on the web variations of the item, where you go online to use and recuperation your data, not using your hard drive. Intuit is advancing this organization for Quickbooks, called Quickbooks Online. Do not disregard the sum you will save in appraisal arranging reliably, when your information is totally created, arranged to-go and not in manual segments or in shoe boxes.

Home Furnishings bedding Essay Example for Free

Home Furnishings bedding Essay Home outfitting has numerous regions that outfit rooms with outlines, sofas, sheets and dressers and significantly more. A home outfitting is an approach to customize the house whether it’s with the assistance of experts or basic your own thoughts. The organization Polo Ralph Lauren established in 1967 and their fundamental headquarter is as of now in New York. Ralph Lauren was the person who established the organization which he is the CEO, Chairman, and boss originator for the organization. The organization additionally sells items for men, ladies, and youngsters, extras, aromas, and home goods. It works in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Ralph Lauren first dispatch his home assortment in 1985 including bedding, including bedding, towels, region carpets and considerably more. Home goods incorporate sheet material and with the bedding office it has sleeping pad size, pads, sheets and cover, and blankets. The bedding size is significant on the grounds that it depend the size of the sleeper and the elements of the room. The littlest size of the bedding measurements is the twin size which has a component of 39 by 76 inches. The following size is the full size sleeping pads measure 54 by 75 inches and â€Å"queens add an additional 6 creeps to the full-size width and 5 crawls to the length. Standard ruler beddings have plentiful stay with a 78 inch width and 80 crawls long. †(ProQuest) The pads come in various size to coordinate the bed and all the cushions are 20 creeps in width and long it assortments. Pad cases and sheets are sold two by two or independently. They are sold independently in light of the fact that it permits the clients to pick their own structure, how they need their resting condition to resemble. They sell independently in light of the fact that something customers doesn't care for the plans so they rather purchase the structure that they are agreeable. The development of pillowcases, sheets and hoaxes assortments and the most famous texture use in this is woven. The following texture is â€Å"Cotton and cotton/poly rules the market. Cotton gives receptiveness while polyester gives strength and wrinkle opposition. Most sheets are made with spun yarns. †(Hoovers) Muslin and percale sheets are the most widely recognized. Muslin sheets are produced using checked yarns while Percale is made out from brushed yarns. Other kind of textures is sateen, glossy silk, wool, or sewed pullover or tricot. It’s essential to focus the mindful part in light of the fact that there are a few sheets, pillowcases that can without much of a stretch get harmed. The white sheets ought to be machine was just and dry as per manufacturer’s directions. Try not to join dull hues with sea shore and just apply sea shore on white sheets. It’s great to pivoted and abstain from utilizing a similar set likewise utilizing a sleeping pad cushion or covers to secure the sheets will broaden the life of the base sheets. â€Å"Ralph Lauren has developed from being a mono-brand US driven menswear distributer to architect producer and distributer of worldwide lavish way of life brands for men, ladies and youngsters. † (Business source Swot investigation). Ralph Lauren has numerous items that can offer to their clients in light of the fact that it’s a developing industry. A portion of the brands and names of Ralph Lauren incorporate Polo by Ralph, Lauren, Purple Label, Club Monaco, Rugby, Ralph Lauren Womens Collection, Black Label, Blue Label and Lauren by Ralph Lauren, among others. The triumphs of the brands are because of the official supplier of the 2008 US Olympic and Paralympics groups by the United States Olympic Committee in 2008. It has sign a multi year contract with RA to equip all the individuals staffing and all the authorities in the Open Championship up to 2016. Ralph Lauren disseminates their items through and outside and residential system. It has a fruitful worldwide circulation arrange which permits â€Å"its stocks to be sold in an aggregate of almost 9,000 retailers around the world, running from top of the line retail establishments, for example, Neiman Marcus to limit retailers, for example, TJ Maxx. † (Business source). Ralph Lauren is separated into three portions the first is wholesales, the subsequent one is retail, and the third one is permitting. Permitting is significant in light of the fact that any item whether in-house created or authorized, must be structured by Mr. Lauren and his plan staff. The entirety of his home goods items are produce by his authorizing accomplices who has the option to sell them whether it’s universally or household. It has different channels where they disperse their items. Ralph Lauren has 201 manufacturing plant stores worldwide and 178 the maximum retail locations. It likewise ha s â€Å"474 concessions-based shop-inside shops, and six internet business sites. The maximum retail locations run in the size of around 800 to 38,000 square feet and are arranged in major upscale road areas and upscale local shopping centers in enormous urban markets. (Business Source). A large portion of these industrial facility stores are situated in outlet shopping centers. A portion of the plants have a length of 2500 to 20,000 feet in the Americans 1,400 to 19,700 square feet in Europe and from 2,800 to 11,800 square feet in Asia. It likewise works a concessions-based shop-inside shops that has around 209 retail stores devoted to Ralph Lauren-marked items. The majority of the shops-inside shops are situated in Asia and the size of this concessions-base is roughly 180 to 4,300 square feet. The organization has a fruitful globe dissemination that permits product to be in 9,000 retails around the world. Home goods by Ralph Lauren manage the cost of their clients an element that has a â€Å"contemporary, inventive style and furthermore utilizes ticking-striped examples, modern accents and swap meet roused finds to make a surprising natural look. † (Ralph Lauren). The organization needs their clients to be content with their item and that’s way they offer the best quality with the best material so their clients can return to the organization and buy more. Polo Ralph Lauren’s status as a head way of life brand bolsters higher item edges, item expansions, and purchaser dependability. The organization long haul yearly develop is 20% to 30 % on their dispersion. This organization has a value range to be higher in light of the fact that Ralph Lauren is one of the chief buyer way of life brands with significant brand value. The organization has solid brand value since it has â€Å"capitalized on its solid style plan and viable advertising to construct a chief way of life brand with worldwide income surpassing an expected $5 billion, including licensees. (Business Source). It additionally expresses that the organization is one of the few† brands fit for building up an arrangement of items and brands going from the respectably valued Chaps by Ralph Lauren to the extravagance estimated Purple and Black Labels. † (Business Source). The organization has numerous approaches to stocks their items which incorporate sites, outlet shopping centers, processing plants and considerably more. Notwithstanding these, the organization sells its items through three sites in the US, including ralphLauren. com, rugby. com and clubmonaco. com, the organization has more sites in the European part. Just the Unites States the organization has obtain new clients around 600,000 clients. Just selling from site in causes the organization to arrive at more extensive clients and quicker than some other organizations. In addition to the fact that they sell their product over the web they sell it through inventories, retail locations for instance Macys and high finished retail establishment. No retail establishment can sell Ralph Lauren items since they should have a permit with the organization itself. The organization picked top of the line retail chains since they know their clients and furthermore in light of the fact that they have faithful clients who love to shop in this very good quality retail chains. Likewise on the grounds that the brand of the item will separate how the material is made and how great of a quality it is. There are numerous standards and guidelines with regards to â€Å"all items sorted as materials must be named as per the laws that identify with the utilization of material items. The Textile Fiber Products Act (TFPIA) necessitates that conventional fiber names and fiber content be recorded on the mark and combustibility principles for mattress†. (Hoovers). The company’s name is work around the most elevated moral and legitimate standards. Ralph Lauren is guided by the â€Å"California Transparent Act which expresses that the entirety of its providers to restrict the recruiting of slave work and forestall rehearses that could add to human dealing. 1. confirm item gracefully chains utilizing outsider reviewers to guarantee that our item flexibly chains are agreeable with our Operating Guidelines and every single relevant law and guidelines precluding slave work and human dealing; 2. lead autonomous reviews of our providers to assess their consistence with our Operating Guidelines and every single material law and guidelines forbidding slave work and human dealing; 3. equire accreditation by our providers that materials joined into our items agree to our Operating Guidelines and every single relevant law and guidelines disallowing slave work and human dealing in nations where our providers are working together; 4. keep up inner responsibility gauges and methodology for workers and temporary workers neglecting to meet our Operating Guidelines precluding slave work and human dealing; 5. give preparing to our gracefully chain officials and workers on the anticipation of human dealing and slave work. †(RalphLauren. om) The organization is continually getting things done to change the item and to elevate new items to their devoted clients. Ralph Lauren will dispatch new lines and keep up brand quality. The organization sees the web as the main wellspring of future development that will increment quick. They are publicizing and advertising in an extraordinary structure partner with unmistakable plan, extravagance and quality. Retail locations are still significant in light of the fact that itâ

Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic Essay Example

Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic Paper The Donner Company fabricated printed circuit sheets to specificaiton of an assortment of hardware makes. It creates and offers merchandise to its clients. While EIIC is an insurance agency which center principally around building protection. It creates and offers administration to clients. Issues for Donner Company: 1. For activity issue, there is a creation bottleneck exist in company’s activity, the moving bottleneck. The moving of procedure changed as often as possible starting with one then onto the next in the assembling framework. Each individual requests of various clients consistently change subtleties since variable solicitation or inadequate things. That will bring our laborers and outstanding task at hand a great deal of difficulty. Simultaneously, we have the example of four-day surge orders. This thing will defer the procedure as it some of the time needs revise at a couple of tasks. It is because of laborers are moved starting with one activity then onto the next one as demand’s changing so a few workstations are over-burden. Yet, this circumstance just occurred during mass requests, while in short requests, for example, under 8 circuit sheets, Arthur Dief can complete it solo and great. Likewise, when the customer’s engineers have plan issues, they are allowed to make a call to activity part which can interfere with ordinary creation. That can be one issue which pestered the procedure. There is an approach that the shipment ought to be done before end of a month, which straightforwardly lead to the huge measure of shipment toward the month's end. We will compose a custom article test on Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This won't just carry large strain to transportation office, yet additionally badly affects deals. Simultaneously, laborers are hustling just a bit for completing shipment, they would not think progressively about products’ quality. Additionally, measures of request continue changing much of the time will likewise present to us a similar outcome. 2. Plummer found that a few machines are inactive all the time, which unquestionably down and out our yield. This is identified with the regularly moving. Since, the time laborers squandered on moving starting with one station then onto the next can be considered the inactive time, which is equivalent to abbreviate the ideal opportunity for creating. As per these we can see, the activity methodologies are not too proceeded as it ought to be. Likewise, we have to grow new thoughts which can be utilized to improve our technique, for example, rescheduling orders and reassigning laborers, which can raise our efficiency in further days. 3. For administrative issue, I don’t figure organization did great job on examination of products’ quality since beneficiary returns and reprocessing are continuing expanding. In spite of the fact that it is hard to investigate stricter as their requests are not the same as one another, they despite everything need a viable approach to keep their products’ great quality. As in September, on account of fragmented activities and modifying of circuit sheets, company’s preshipment dis miss rates expanded and lead to a 6% misfortune on benefit. Likewise the organization as less shipments because of creation postponed for 9 days and modifying expanded. Albeit recruited 8 new specialists for helping previous work, the organization despite everything need to prepare them and it would require some investment for them to getting acquainted with this work. Proposals: 1. So as to take care of the issue of creation bottleneck, the stir heap up and run out in the activity framework, the organization should just be tolerating orders that are attainable to do and those can be conveyed on schedule. So the organization can concentrate on the uncommon requests or nitty gritty solicitation of clients, likewise develop their notoriety by finish request immediately. In this circumstance, the inert occasions can be decreased as all specialists need to complete their assignment. The most significant is, they should diminish the moving of laborers starting with one activity then onto the next. Despite the fact that each laborer knows more than one ability, it is better for them to remain in one station and finish one single procedure as it can stop burn through so much time and lessen turnover. 2. For the delivering procedure, we should get a superior and increasingly monetary path as a few procedure has at least two creating strategy or devices. As Drill process, they utilize Manual and CNC drill working at same time. As a matter of fact, it is smarter to utilize CNC Drill all the procedure when delivering number is equivalent or more prominent than 6, and manual when lower than 6. For Profile, when greater than 200, use CNC Router, and assuming less, use Punch Press. Display 2. 3. For the since a long time ago run technique, it is better for the organization to set up two lines for creation, one is for ordinary creation and the other is fore exceptional requests. Under this circumstance, we can set a minority number of laborers produce on the customary line, on which we can improve our work productivity as everybody knows about all the procedure. Then, we can set a dominant part number of laborers deal with the new line that can update, revamp of finish explicit requests. It won't upset the ordinary creating line as they are isolated and laborers will be more spotlight on their occupations, which can show signs of improvement item quality and proficiency. Likewise, they will become acclimated to the variable request circumstance, which can improve their strength. 4. As returns and reprocessing are keeping high, we have to improve our administrative technique. First we have to improve our investigation. We ought to draw out an itemized and clear standard for laborers to allude to. Additionally, we have to upgrade our review by bosses and separation them into each procedure and examine each technique, by which we can stop unfit items at the earliest opportunity and maintain a strategic distance from further work on futile items. Simultaneously, we have to preparing our workers on delivering ability and further information, so as to get less revise or reprocessing. Issues for EIIC 1. It is the ideal opportunity for EIIC to improve their administration productivity. As we probably am aware, the fundamental procedures for the company’s controllers to complete their obligation are appeared in Exhibit 1-2. The ideal opportunity for showing up at mishap place is under 60 minutes. It is quick and the company’s representatives are glad for this. Be that as it may, then again, they need an exceptionally lengthy timespan for setting up the FIO report, as a Medium-Sized branch’s normal time is 26 days. This is the greatest bottleneck of procedure. As the organization all utilized capable auditors, they ought not work in such a moderate condition. One of the most plausible reasons is the working two jobs. Case disclosed to us that there are assessed almost half to 70% of EIIC’s monitors had low maintenance work. Despite the fact that it is allowed in the organization, I imagine that will bring down the proficiency and impact of their unique work in EIIC as working two jobs will cost a few physical power and time which ought to be placed into the EIIC’s work and get the FIO procedure quicker wrapped up. We utilize the normal level of out-working individuals: (50%+70%)/2=60%. On the off chance that these limit are on the whole being utilized to plan for the FIO report, the time spending on that will at any rate lessen to: 26/(1+60%)=16. 25 days, which is a major advancement. 2. EIIC’s advertise methodology should be changed. From the case we found that EIIC’s benefit is diminishing these years while they used to win the market. As we probably am aware, EIIC is an insurance agency which is center just around assembling protection. While the majority of other insurance agencies have a wide range of protection, for example, extra security and clinical protection, this is an immense market. The organization is explicit and proficient on building, the greater part of EIIC’s office and representatives are in designing foundation and experience. It is incomprehensible for the organization to change over its market to various types of protection. The nly powerful transient methodology for the organization is to develop itself as an upper level building insurance agency which is the best and celebrated for its great help quality to draw in more clients. 3. Partners have strife between one another during working. The principle purpose behind boss inspectors’ having strife with supervisors is t hey have a few comparative employments or useful power however don’t have comparative guidelines for illuminating them. As a matter of fact, these two jobs have various things to perform. Supervisor is increasingly monetary and administrative yet the central monitor is all the more designing and specialized. Administrator is more spotlight on working business fluidly, getting more benefit and upgrade entire organization. While examiner needs to ensure each issue is understood totally and no doubt. They demand various perspectives with the goal that will prompt distinctive activity, as one of them views the different as â€Å"went by book†. 4. Turnover of representative is excessively high. Two fundamental explanations behind its high turnover are: the compensation level in EIIC is similarly lower among a similar business organization; proficient assessors are profoundly expected in the human asset markets. Either in light of trackers ‘action or workers’ own willing, once there is a superior compensation, they will leave EIIC. Simultaneously, EIIC gave their laborers a decent stage to rehearse themselves, like IBM, and get them progressively appealing to other organization. As endorsing, the greater part of them accepted there was no drawn out vocation way on it. Clearly EIIC’s staffs have a difficult issue of vocation arranging. Proposal: 1. Change the previous showcasing methodology for the organization. As EIIC is celebrated for the designing protection, it is increasingly successful for EIIC to prop up on with this objective in present moment. In any case, they have to improve the present system as increasingly upper level. We can find the organization as a profoundly s

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 10

The vehicle coming. Iliana shouting. Furthermore, the sentiment of total vulnerability Glass broke. Keller didn't comprehend from the start. She believed that Iliana was attempting to break the window and stand out enough to be noticed. Be that as it may, the window was wellbeing glass, and what broke was the recepticle in Diana's grasp. Blood erupted, amazingly red and fluid. What's more, Iliana continued pressing the wrecked glass in her grasp, making increasingly more blood run. Her little face was fixed and inflexible, her lips marginally separated, her breath held, her entire appearance one of complete focus. She was calling the blue fire. Keller lost her own breath. She's doing it! I'm going to see a Wild Power. Directly here, directly next to me, it's going on! She twisted her own look back to the vehicle. She was going to see those huge amounts of metal grind to a halt similarly as the BART train on the video had. Or on the other hand perhaps Iliana would simply divert the vehicle in its course, send it into the green island in the carport. Regardless, she can barely deny that she's the Wild Power now- It was then that Keller understood the vehicle wasn't halting. It wasn't working. She heard Iliana make a frantic sound next to her. There was no time for much else. The vehicle was on Jaime, swinging up onto the control. Keller's heart staggered. Also, something streaked out behind Jaime, hitting her from behind. It thumped her flying toward the green island. Out of the way of the vehicle. Keller knew what it's identity was even before her eyes could concentrate on the dull brilliant hair and long legs. The vehicle slowed down and shrieked and turned yet Keller couldn't tell on the off chance that it had hit him. It went slipping, half on and half off the walkway. At that point it revised its course and thundered along the carport, hurrying endlessly. Nissa came running out of the entryway beneath and represented a moment, taking in the scene. Above, Keller was as yet solidified. She and Iliana were both as unmoving as sculptures. At that point Iliana made a little commotion and spun around. She was making excellent progress so far before Keller could get her. She shot past Winnie, leaving a path of flying red beads. â€Å"Come on!† Keller shouted. The two of them pursued her. In any case, it resembled pursuing a sunbeam. Keller had did not understand the easily overlooked detail could run that way. They were directly behind her right down the steps and out the entryway. It was the place Keller needed to be, at any rate. There were two figures lying on the asphalt. They were both still. Keller's heart was thumping hard enough to get through her chest. Astonishing how, considerably in the wake of seeing such a great amount in her life, she could at present have the edgy drive to close her eyes. For the primary second, as her look raked over Galen's body, she didn't know whether she could see blood or not. Everything was beating with dim spots, and her mind didn't appear to be ready to put any sort of reasonable picture together. At that point he moved. The hardened, flinching movement of someone harmed, however not harmed gravely. He lifted his head, propelled himself up on one elbow, and glanced around. Keller gazed at him silently. At that point she caused her voice to comply with her. â€Å"Did it hit you?† â€Å"Just looked off me.† He got his legs under him. â€Å"I'm fine. Yet, shouldn't something be said about ^-â€Å" The two of them took a gander at Jaime. â€Å"Goddess!† Galen's voice was loaded up with ghastliness. He mixed up and made a limping stride before tumbling to his knees. Indeed, even Keller felt stun clear over her before she understood what was happening. From the outset, it resembled a catastrophe. Diana was holding Jaime, supporting her in her arms, and there was blood all over the place. Everywhere throughout the front of Diana's sweater, all over Jaime's white shirt. It just appeared better on Jaime. Be that as it may, it was Diana's blood, despite everything spilling out of her cut hand. Jaime was squinting and lifting a hand to her temple in bewilderment. Her shading was acceptable, and her breathing sounded clear assuming quick. â€Å"That vehicle those individuals were insane. They were going to hit me.† I'm sorry,† Diana said. â€Å"I'm so grieved; I'm so sorry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She was lovely to such an extent that Keller's heart appeared to stop. Her fine skin appeared to be practically translucent in the cool evening light. That great hair was undulating in the breeze behind her, each and every strand light as air and moving freely. Also, her expression†¦ She was twisting around Jaime so gently, tears Ming like precious stones. Her pain it was finished, Keller thought. As though Jaime were her own dearest sister. She minded in a manner that went past compassion and past sympathy and into something like impeccable love. It†¦ changed her. She was definitely not a light-disapproved of kid any longer. She was almost†¦ heavenly. At the same time, Keller comprehended why everyone at school carried their issues to this young lady. It was a result of that mindful, that affection. Diana didn't help them to make herself famous. She helped on the grounds that her heart was open, without shields, without the ordinary hindrances that isolated individuals from each other. Also, she was as fearless as a little lion. She hadn't wavered when she saw Jaime in harm's way. She feared blood, however she'd cut herself in a split second, even foolishly, attempting to help. That was fearlessness, Keller thought. Not accomplishing something without being apprehensive, however accomplishing something despite the fact that you were apprehensive. At that time, the entirety of Keller's hatred of Diana dissolved away. All her indignation and irritation and disdain. Also, oddly, with it, the cautious disgrace she'd felt this evening for being what she was herself-a shapeshifter. It didn't bode well. There was no association. Be that as it may, there it was. The level yet abnormally lovely voice of Jaime was going on. â€Å"I'm alright it was only a stun. Quit crying at this point. Someone pushed me out of the way.† Diana gazed toward Galen. She was all the while crying, and her eyes were the shade of violet precious stone. Galen was bowing on one knee, looking down worriedly at Jaime. Their eyes met, and the two of them went still. Aside from the breeze unsettling Iliana's hair, they may have been a painting. A scene from one of the Old Masters, Keller thought. The kid with dull brilliant hair and that impeccably molded face, looking down with defensive concern. The young lady with her iridescent eyes and perfect highlights, gazing upward in appreciation. It was a sweet and beautiful picture. It was likewise the specific second that Iliana became hopelessly enamored with Galen. Furthermore, Keller knew it. She knew before Iliana knew herself. She saw a kind of sad shine in Iliana's eyes, similar to more tears going to fall. And afterward she saw the adjustment in Iliana's face. The appreciation became something other than what's expected, something more like†¦ acknowledgment. It was as though Iliana were finding Galen at the same time, seeing everything in him that Keller had been gradually figuring out how to see. They're both†¦ Keller needed to think boneheads, however the word wouldn't come. All she wound up with was the equivalent. Them two. Optimists. Kind. Attempting to save everybody. They're ideal for one another. â€Å"You spared her life,† Iliana murmured. â€Å"But you could have been murdered yourself.† â€Å"It simply happened,† Galen said. â€Å"I moved without intuition. Be that as it may, you-you're truly bleeding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Iliana looked calmly down at her hand. It was the main thing that defaced the image; it was violent and stunning. Be that as it may, Iliana's look wasn't scared. Rather, she looked shrewd past her years and unendingly tragic. â€Å"I†¦ couldn't help,† she said. Keller opened her mouth. Be that as it may, before she could state anything, Nissa showed up close to Iliana. â€Å"Here,† she said in her viable manner, releasing the painstakingly tied scarf at her throat. â€Å"Let me tie it up until we can check whether you need stitches.† She looked up at Keller. â€Å"I got the tag of the car.† Keller flickered and pulled together. Her cerebrum began ticking once more. â€Å"Both of you, go get the car,† she said to Nissa and Winnie. â€Å"Ill finish that.† She had Nissa's spot by Iliana. â€Å"Are you actually all right?† she asked Jaime, cautious to confront her legitimately. â€Å"I think we have to take each of you three to the hospital.† Some portion of her normal to consider a to be as the dim blue eyes under the delicate earthy colored blasts met hers. In any case, obviously, there wasn't any. Nissa's memory blanking had been excessively acceptable. Jaime basically looked somewhat mistook for a moment, at that point she grinned a little wryly. â€Å"I'm truly okay.† â€Å"Even so,† Keller said. There was a group gathering. Understudies and instructors were running from different corners of the structure, coming to perceive what the commotion was about. Keller understood that it had really been just a few minutes since the vehicle had gone thundering and shrieking along the walkway. A couple minutes†¦ however the world had changed. In a few different ways. â€Å"Come on,† she stated, and helped Jaime up. She let Galen help Iliana. Furthermore, she felt unusually quiet and tranquil. Galen ended up having a few pulled muscles and heaps of scratches and wounds. Jaime had wounds and a discombobulated migraine and twofold vision, which got her really admitted to the medical clinic scarcely astounding, taking into account how often she'd been thumped as the day progressed, Keller thought. Iliana required lines. She submitted to them discreetly, which just appeared to caution her mom. Mrs. Dominick had been called from home to the clinic. She sat with the child in her lap and tuned in to Keller attempt to clarify how Iliana had gotten cut while remaining at the science room window. â€Å"And when she saw the vehicle nearly hit Jaime, she was surprised to the point that she just pressed the measuring utencil, and it broke.† Diana's mom looked far fetched for a second, however it wasn't her inclination to be dubious. She gestured, tolerating the story. Jaime's folks had been called to the clinic, as well, and both Galen and Jaime needed to offer proclamations to the police. Nissa flashed Keller a look when the police officer inquired as to whether anybody had seen the vehicle's tag. Ke

The Kindling Theory and Effect in Bipolar Disorder

The Kindling Theory and Effect in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis Print The Kindling Theory and Effect in Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 30, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on January 30, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Braun S/Getty Images If someone with bipolar disorder goes untreated for a period of years, could he or she begin to experience rapid cycling bipolar disorder or become resistant to treatments for the condition? If normal life stressors initially set off bipolar episodes in someone, in time could episodes of the illness appear in that person without any such triggers? Some research says the answer to these questions is yes, and some clinicians have speculated that the reason may be a process that has been termed kindling. However, the most recent research into the theory of kindling and bipolar disorder indicates the evidence for this theory is weaker than originally thought. Still, the concept of kindling in mental illness may fit into other ideas about the mechanisms underlying bipolar disorder. What Is Kindling? Most people think of kindling when building a fire: You use smaller, more flammable pieces of wood to help catch on fire the larger pieces, which dont ignite as quickly or readily. But kindling also is used as a term in medicineâ€"specifically, in epilepsy and in bipolar disorder. The phenomenon of kindling in epilepsy was first discovered by accident by researcher Graham Goddard in 1967. Goddard was studying the learning process in rats, and part of his studies included electrical stimulation of the rats brains at a very low intensity, too low to cause any type of convulsing. However, after a couple of weeks of this treatment, the rats did experience convulsions when the electrical stimulation was applied. Their brains had become sensitized to electricity, and even months later, one of these rats would convulse when stimulated. Goddard and others later demonstrated that it was possible to induce kindling chemically as well. The name kindling was chosen because the process was likened to a log fire. The log itself, while it might be a suitable fuel for a fire, is very hard to set ablaze in the first place. But surround it with smaller, easy to light pieces of woodâ€"kindlingâ€"and set those alight first, and soon the log itself will catch fire. Kindling in Bipolar Disorder Dr. Robert M. Post of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is credited with first applying the kindling model to bipolar disorder. Demitri and Janice Papolos, in their book The Bipolar Child, describe this model as follows: ... initial periods of cycling may begin with an environmental stressor, but if the cycles continue or occur unchecked, the brain becomes kindled or sensitized - pathways inside the central nervous system are reinforced so to speak - and future episodes of depression, hypomania, or mania will occur by themselves (independently of an outside stimulus), with greater and greater frequency. Thus, brain cells that have been involved in an episode are thought to be more likely to do so again, and more cells may become sensitized over time. The theory also holds that its possible to stop the process through aggressive treatment. Could Kindling Play a Role in More Severe Illnesses? Some researchers have speculated that kindling contributes to both rapid cycling and treatment-resistant bipolar disorder, and this theory also could be consistent with cases where cycling began with definite mood triggers, stressful or exciting events, and later became spontaneous. In addition, it has been shown that substances such as cocaine and alcohol have their own kindling effects, which could, in turn, contribute to bipolar kindling. In fact, it was the knowledge that cocaine causes seizures that led Dr. Post to connect kindling in epilepsy with mood disorders after he had studied the unexpected effects of cocaine on severely depressed patients. The kindling theory has been borne out by some research observations. For example, the more mood episodes someone has, the more difficult it is to treat each subsequent episode, possibly because more brain cells are sensitized and involved. However, the best-designed studies in the field of bipolar disorder dont provide strong backing for the kindling theory. Still, regardless of what future research finds about the kindling theory of bipolar disorder, its clear that early diagnosis and prompt, appropriate treatment are key to improving outcomes for those with the condition. How Bipolar Disorder Is Treated

Higher Learning and Education Essay - 550 Words

Higher Learning and Education (Coursework Sample) Content: Higher learning is the education that exceeds high schools, and it is provided by schools like colleges, universities and other professionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s schools. The National Resource Center for Youth Development (NRCYD) defines it as institution that Awards; certificate, diploma, bachelors and masters. With duration of a minimum of two years, the student should acquire gainful employment and skills and competences.For a student to succeed in Education there are strategies which should be implemented in higher learning institutes as indicated below, there are a lot of activities, policies, rules and regulation to be followed in colleges to be followed in order for one to succeed and have smooth life while in college.Attend orientation, for a student to achieve in an institution of higher learning, one should report to college early and attend orientation process. This helps a student to learn more about the institution that is the dos and donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ts, to get fam iliarization with the lectures, the lecture rooms, and the academic staff. He/she must endeavor to learn policies of the institution.Research and reading widely, In order for a student to excel in an institution of higher education, a student should make sure he/she research and reading widely before attending a class. This helps a student to have a rough idea of what is being taught during the lessons and also being active during the lessons by asking questions and clarifications when in doubt.Prepare for tests /examination, this preparation in time in order to avoid last minute rush. A student should avoid last minute reading because with advance preparation a student eliminates the element of clamming when sitting for tests or exams. Good preparation well enough in time will make the student to excel. Attend all lessons in time. A student should not miss a lecture this is because it helps in better grasp and concept of the course. Attending lectures is a must for a student in ord er to excel in college because a lot is taught in class which is very important for understanding of the course.Time management, for a student to have smooth academic life in college a student should know how to manage time well. Time management is very crucial element for student to succeed in college. A student should complete all assignment before deadline .This helps a student to proofread the assignment and correct the mistakes before handing it over to the tutor. A student also should complete all assignment /homework in time. This enables student to have time for private studying and revision. A student should attend all lectures in time, to grasp what the lecturer is facilitating and mana...

The Effects Of Alcohol Consumption On Gender And Mate...

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. But does perception of beauty change when and individual consumes alcohol? This age old question has been studies over the past decades to understand the consequences of alcohol consumption, gender and mate selection. In their research, Abbeele et al. aimed to explore the relationship of alcohol consumption and rating of attractiveness. The participants consisted of heterosexual social alcohol consumers that conducted an attractiveness-rating task. It was discovered that individuals that consumed low doses of alcohol were perceived as more attractive than sober individuals. It was also suggested that increased skin redness and decreased skin lightness was correlated with greater attractiveness in low†¦show more content†¦This study consisted of eighty undergraduate students who volunteered to be a part of the study. It was discovered that significant alcohol consumption resulted in increased ratings of attractiveness of opposite-sex faces. Chen et al. aimed to study the beer goggle effect, that attractiveness level of individual’s increases as consumption of alcohol increases. Chen et al. discovery consisted with Jones et al. and it was shown that after participants consumed alcohol they rated individuals faces as more attractive. It was also pointed out that initial attractiveness was important and future increase in attractiveness depended on the initial attractiveness. This study also showed that alcohol also increases the perceived attractiveness of other stimuli such as landscapes, and it is not just limited to faces. Jones et al. conducted a study in the United Kingdom to measure the effect of alcohol consumption and attractiveness. This study consisted of eighty undergraduate students who volunteered to be a part of the study. It was discovered that significant alcohol consumption resulted in increased ratings of attractiveness of opposite-sex faces. The age old question of does higher alcohol intake affect perceived attractiveness in the opposite sex was studied by Parker et al. It was found that increased alcohol consumption resulted in participants rating of attractiveness. It was also found that in male’s participants rating of

Essay on Gay marriage - 827 Words

Critical Review - Gay Marriage â€Å"Unnatural† Sheldon L, 1996, Gay Marriage â€Å"Unnatural†, USA Today, USA. Homosexual marriage is one of the old but controversial issues around the world. Compared to the past, it seems to become a more open debate among people. At the same time, people seem to be more swayable than before, but towards the gay marriage, different voices have still been hovering in the air. Gay people and their supporters have been striving for their rights to get married legally, while others who against gay marriage have never stopped deterring it. Strongly against gay marriage is the central theme of Louis P. Sheldon’s article Gay Marriage â€Å"Unnatural†. According to the author’s views, gay marriage is ‘unnatural’, and†¦show more content†¦The numbers he presented seem attractive and persuasive, but it is worth noting that no source has been provided for them, so readers do not know how trustworthy they are. In my view, it would be more convincing for example to try referencing the data in his claims like the quoted above as well as the gay people’s average income is twice higher than that of non-gay people in America, and his figures will not be questioned. The author of this article can therefore be criticised here for a lack of citation of sources to back up his views. Another questionable aspect of this article is its hidden premises. Although the author does not openly state that the marriage should be generational, otherwise they should get divorce, this could be understood from the authors’s statement that gay marriage is â€Å"not generational†. While marriage is not only about generating offspring but also means love. It is an insulting claim for the couples who in love but unfortunately could not have children might because fertility problems, health issues, over age, their chosen life style of Dink family, so do they have to separate with each other just because of that? Is it really the essence of marriage? I do not think so. In my view, whether to have kids or not in couples’ marriage lives, it is a matter that couples, including gay couples need to consider and judge not by other irrelevant people, and it should not be an excuse to despoilShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pages what it means to be a gay man – even if that is not the language that always would be used to describe homosexual behavior in a given place and time. In the United States, gay marriage has been legalized in all 50 states by a federal court ruling, but many Americans do not realize that there is still a long way to go in terms of embracing gay citizens (and the rest of the LGBT community) into the â€Å" societal norm.† Despite the strides that have been taken to legalize marriage for same sex couples,Read MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1848 Words   |  8 Pageswholly ashamed of. Gay marriage is legal in all 50 United States, something that has been fought for since the conception of the LGBT movement. In fact, gay couples are routinely being featured on popular television and other forms of media. Some might say that in 2016, the dreams of the rioters in Stonewall have been realized. Marriage rights and the spotlight on nighttime television; equality seems to truly be right on the horizon. If one is a white, cis, gay man, that is. Gay women are featuresRead MoreThe Supreme Court Ruling On Gay Marriages893 Words   |  4 PagesIts time for me to share my opinion and perspective regarding the Supreme Court ruling on gay marriages. Forewarning, this post will be long because I have more than just an opinion to express, but rather a story to tell which will enlighten anyone who chooses to read this as to what my true perspective and opinion regarding gay marriages. (and gay people in general as a Christian) A few months ago I faced a difficult time in my life. I was homeless and I had nowhere to stay with my newborn babyRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Accepted And Respected932 Words   |  4 Pagesopen-minded. The rise in the LGTB movement has allowed people to openly express their sexuality without being discriminated against. Although homosexuality has become more socially acceptable, some states still have anti-gay laws and there are numerous individuals who believe that gay marriage is harmful and unnatural. Hozier’s â€Å"Take Me to Church,† Demi Lovato’s â€Å"Really Don’t Care† and Macklemore’s â€Å"Same Love† demonstrate society’s discrimination of homosexuals and why homosexuality should be accepted andRead MoreThe Tragedy of Gay Marriage1757 Words   |  8 PagesWorst Thing About Gay Marriage† presents an interesting argument against gay marriage that hinges upon maintaining a traditional form of marriage. He act ually claims that gay marriage is â€Å"unnecessary†(381). 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The process of marriage continues to be the same, but each generation has been going outRead MoreGay Marriage And Gay Rights2550 Words   |  11 PagesComp II 8 May, 2015 Gay Marriage and Gay Rights For years there has been a debate on gay marriage and gay rights in America. Often government keeps pushing the issue back, or refuses to partake in the debates and discussions on whether or not this type of union is â€Å"legal† in the United States. My hope with this paper is to prove that gay marriage is not in fact unconstitutional, but that there is a right to freedom for everyone, no exclusions. When it comes to gay marriage, there seem to be a numberRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage Essay3392 Words   |  14 PagesWell it is 2007, and we are still dealing with the issue of gay marriage being good, and not good for America. Now maybe in 20 years gay marriage will be legal in each state, and this issue will be over. However, I deal in reality. And reality tells me the idea of two men frotting inside a home with children, frankly makes people sick to their stomachs. I prefer women, but I think what two grown people do in their bedrooms is their private moral, and legal business. Just like a straight couple thatRead MoreGay Marriage1280 Words   |  6 Pagesburrows, but flamboyantly celebrate their identities. The gays are now a people willing and ready to be heard. It has come to all of our attentions that in the light of marriage they have been depraved and deceived. Homosexuals cannot allow this persecution to continue, as they are constantly forfeited equal rights. The arguments are of lifestyle differences and the legalized discrimination of these people. It encompasses same-sex marriage as a cause worth fighting and defending so that we all mayRead MoreGay Marriage1041 Words   |  5 PagesCompare-Contrast Synthesis 10/11/2013 English 111x Gay Marriage Gay marriage is a topic that is heavily debated in this day and age. Whether or not it should be legal for homosexuals to get married is a theme that authors Andrew Sullivan, who wrote â€Å"For Gay Marriage† and William J. Bennett, who wrote â€Å"Against Gay Marriage† use in there articles. The main points the authors both discus is the meaning of marriage itself, the social impact same sex marriage will have on society, and the influence on children

Essay on The Wife of Bath by Geoffery Chaucer - 1019 Words

The Wife of Bath nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Wife of Bath, or Alison, is a worldly woman. Not only has she traveled the world, she has experienced the world, in the sexual manner. Alison herself states this at the beginning of her tale, â€Å"Were there no books at all on the subject, my own experience gives me a perfect right to talk of the sorrows of marriage . . . I’ve married five husbands . . . .†(Chaucer 174). The point of Alison’s long-winded prologue is to crush the idea that men have a hierarchy of dominance over women. Chaucer makes this point, and also the point, through Alison’s tale, that if women are given what they want, then they will be obedient and faithful to their men. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The worldliness of†¦show more content†¦At this notion, the Pardoner, another one of Chaucer’s characters, asks why he should even wed if his wife is going to control his body. Alison quickly replies that he should listen to her tale before he makes judgements about the â€Å"gift† that women have. Now Alison begins her tale. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alison tells the tale of a knight in King Arthur’s Court who rapes a beautiful young maiden out of lust. The knight is sentenced to be decapitated. However, the queen and other ladies of the court ask Arthur to give the knight one chance to save himself, and being obedient to the wifely counsel, Arthur agrees. The knight may live, if within one year he can come back to the court and tell them what women want most in the world. Alison continues her tale, telling all of the different answers that the knight receives, such as sex, money, flattery, and even remarriage. Not thinking that any of these answers are true he continues on. Nearing the end of his journey, the knight spots a group of women dancing in the woods, but when he gets to where they were they have vanished and all that remains is an ugly old woman. The old woman ask if she can help and the knight tells of his predicament. The old hag says that she knows the answer and offers to help only i f the knight pledges himself to her. Returning to the court, the knight gives his answer to the women. The knight replies that whatShow MoreRelated The Wife of Bath by Geoffery Chaucer Essay696 Words   |  3 Pages Analysis of the Wife of Bath nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Chaucer starts his prologue with the description of twenty-nine people who are going on a pilgrimage. Each person has a different personality that we can recognize from the way people behave today. He purposely makes The Wife of Bath stand out more compared to the other characters. â€Å"In the â€Å"General Prologue,’ the wife of bath is intentionally described in an explicit way to provoke a shocking response† (BlackmanRead More Womens Themes in The Wife of Bath by Geoffery Chaucer Essay2244 Words   |  9 Pages Geoffery Chaucer wrote his legendary Canterbury Tales in Medieval times when women were considered as servants to their husbands and powerless. This was a time where church and state were one entity and in the church’s eyes women were supposed to be gentile and and virtuous. Sexuality and education of women was condemned by the church and state. The clothing during that time also represen ted the ideals of that time. Their skirts were long and ankles were never to be shown naked in public. YoungRead MoreBeowolf, The Art of Courtly Love, and The Wife of Bath and 810 Words   |  4 Pagesthe hierarchy by the hierarchy, whom the lower and middle class were supposed to look up to. 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Some of them that help prove Chaucer’s fact to be true are: â€Å"The Wife of Bath Tale† and her version of living day-by-day with different husbandsRead MoreWife of Bath vs. the Pardoners1251 Words   |  6 PagesCharlott e Stern Period 6 March 30,2012 Wife of Bath vs. The Pardoners Geoffery Chaucers The Canterbury Tales is an example of an extremely complicated and wondrous piece of fictional work. The main story lines plot is a contest between a diverse group of pilgrims on their way to Thomas Beckets shrine. in order to win the contest the pilgrim must tell â€Å"tales of best sentence and moost solaas,†, which means the stories must be filled with moral and entertainment to win the feast. EvenRead MoreRole of Women in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight and The Wife of Bath’s Tale1651 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Middle Ages, the roles of women became less restricted and confined and women became more opinionated and vocal. Sir Gawain and The Green Knight presents Lady Bertilak, the wife of Sir Bertilak, as a woman who seems to possess some supernatural powers who seduces Sir Gawain, and Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Wife of Bath Prologue and Tale, present women who are determined to have power and gain sovereignty over the men in their lives. Th e female characters are very openly sensual and honest aboutRead MoreLiterture Final Exam Notes1143 Words   |  5 Pages wyrd: fate; destiny Canterbury Tales CT pilgrimage was from London to Canterbury. 31# travelers were to tell 4# stories each on the journey. Purpose was ______________________. Characters from CT: Wife of Bath, Knight, Miller, Pardoner, Parson, Host of the Tabard Inn. †¢ Wife of Bath: gap-toothed woman; had 5 husbands; wears red; handsome; confident †¢ Knight: a gentlemen who represents chivalry and honor †¢ Miller: red-head, braen with no brains, cheats on the grain scales; tells tavern

Drosophila Melanogaster Is The Model Animal Of Choice Essay

The drosophila melanogaster is the model animal of choice due to the fact that they have a short reproduction time. They are sexually active after only two days of emerging from their casing. They then mate and can lay up to hundreds of eggs which take about a week to hatch. This makes them easy test subjects that way different generations can easily be studied. They are inexpensive and require a simple diet of carbohydrates and proteins. They are about 3mm in size, therefore they can easily be seen without a microscope. Drosophila have about 75% of homologues genes of humans this can cause better understanding of mutations that are found. Due to the fact that Drosophila are insects some aspects of the humans can’t be understood. Drosophila melanogaster is the perfect choice for the specific experiment stated because of the many genes that are present and because they have a short life span it is easy to get many offspring in a short amount of time. The genes can ea sily be deleted or moved throughout the embryo of the melanogaster. The experiment also calls for visual effects and with the model organism used one could clearly examine the effects. Due to the quick reproduction cycle of the drosophila melanogaster if a mistake is made and the experiment has to start over then one would not have to wait a long time before there is new offspring to experiment on. Drosophila have approximately 17,000 genes. Of these genes are the segmentation genes which are used toShow MoreRelatedBio X Make Up Work1560 Words   |  7 Pagesediting has been demonstrated to be necessary for proper development and function, but its role is not well understood. The first paper, â€Å"Cis Regulatory Effects on A-to-I RNA Editing in Related Drosophila Species,† compares Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA Editing between two Drosophila species: D. melanogaster and D. sechellia. The primary interest of this study is the regulation of RNA editing and whether this regulation is determined predominantly by cis sequences close to the editing site or moreRead MoreRapid Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Mapping1859 Words   |  8 Pagesmapping is that it has not just been used in C. elegans. Other model organisms including, Drosophila melanogaster have been used for this technique (Hoskins et al., 2001). Various scientists have made numerous changes to SNP mapping methods. These improvements have made SNP mapping a strong and efficient procedure for identifying and cloning a particular gene of interest in various organisms. Technique Methodology The model organism of choice for this study was C. elegans. In order to begin mapping aRead MoreAging And Its Effects On Humans Essay1949 Words   |  8 Pagesanti-aging effects on humans have been found. When we age, our body’s nutritional needs change. We tend to absorb nutrients less efficiently, which requires a higher intake of vitamins and minerals. Also, as we age, we start noticing how dietary choices from the past start to affect us when older (cancer, heart disease, metabolic syndrome and neural degeneration). Scientists have documented that when individuals age, body composition change as well (St-Onge). Studies found that adipose tissue increasesRead MoreA Brief Look at Genome Editing2848 Words   |  11 Pageswithin their respective taxonomic group (Urnov et al., 2010). A technique known as genome editing was originally used on Drosophila melanogaster promises to expand this capability to cells and entire organisms virtually any species. Genome editing enables well-organized and accurate genetic modification through the induction of double-strand breaks in a specific genomic sequence of choice; this is followed by the generation of desired changes during subsequen t repair of the broken DNA. One way of doingRead MoreThe Physiological Effects of Spaceflight5829 Words   |  23 Pagesprotection of many vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. Furthermore, the system serves as a complex lever system those scientists are only beginning to be able to model. Scientists at Johns Hopkins University a full-featured biomechanical simulator for the human musculoskeletal system in which the adaptable anatomical models including prosthetic implants and fracture xation devices and a robust computational infrastructure for static, kinematic, kinetic, and stress analyses under varying boundaryRead MoreCell Biology Final Essay30093 Words   |  121 PagesName: _Leroy Johnson __________________________________ Date: ______________Comprehensive Study Guide. Test will only be Multiple choice 1. The feature that most clearly separates eukaryotes from prokaryotes is the presence of _______ in eukaryotic cells. A) ribosomes B) oxidative phosphorylation C) DNA molecules -D) a nucleus 2. Cytoplasmic organelles are - A) absent in prokaryotic cells; present in eukaryotic cells. B) present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsRead MoreThemes in the Study of Life5755 Words   |  24 Pagessystems are functionally integrated. †¢ Biologists are beginning to complement reductionism with new strategies for studying whole systems. ââ€"‹ The ultimate goal of systems biology is to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system’s parts. ââ€"‹ Successful models allow biologists to predict how a change in one or more variables will affect other components as well as the whole system. †¢ The systems approach enables scientists to pose new kindsRead More Human Genome Project Essay4868 Words   |  20 Pagesa high resolution genetic map of the human genome; (2) production of a variety of physical maps of all human chromosomes and the chromosomes of selected organisms; (3) determination of the complete sequence of human DNA and of the DNA of selected model organisms; (4) development of the capabilities for collecting, storing, distributing, and analyzing the data produced, and (5) creation of appropriate technologies necessary to achieve these objectives (Pearson and Sà ¶ll 1991). Rapid technological

Operations Management London Zoo and Nottimham Castle Case Study Free Essays

string(77) " number of visitors can fluctuate greatly depending on the time of the year\." In today’s information age, it is important for businesses to take advantage of the available avenues to reach out to customers and potential customers. Tourist attractions such as London Zoo, and Nottingham Castle, are no exceptions of being in the age of constant information flows. These places want to attract visitors with their facility layouts and overall experiences, and to improve upon what they already have, they would need to optimize their products through well planned operations management. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management London Zoo and Nottimham Castle Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now When one thinks of a zoo and a historic museum, it is very natural to think of both places as tourist attractions, but what they offer the visitors could be very different. The London Zoo offers patrons the experience of interacting with animals that we would otherwise have very little chances of seeing, while the Nottingham Castle brings the visitors back in time and allows them to feel and see the history. The zoo needs to attract people with their animal collections, while the Nottingham Castle needs to intrigue visitors with their well laid out tours, guides, and interesting historic facts. The purpose of this report is to describe how each of these places, the London Zoo and the Nottingham Castle, are run in terms of operations management, then to identify possible flaws and ways to improve upon their current operational methodology. Though these two places are both tourist attractions, but their appeals are unique to their own. The zoo offers exciting and dynamic interactions with live animals, so it needs to capitalize on the animals it has or through possible new animal acquisitions. The Nottingham Castle on the other hand should cater to what the visitors would be most interested in knowing about the place. To wrap up this report, a comparison between the two locations will be done. Nottingham Castle can trace its history back to 1067; the wooden castle was built by the Conqueror. In 1878, Prince of Wales opened it as a municipal museum and art gallery and it has since become one of the popular scenic spots in Nottingham city. According to Nottingham City Council website, Nottingham Castle is open Tuesday to Sunday from 10am to 4pm. From March to September it opens until 5 in the evening. Although the Castle only provides parking for disabilities, public parking and railway station are all within 10 to 15minutes walk. In order to attract more visitors, Nottingham Castle has a Tuesday free entry plan for the local citizens. Other visitors can purchase tickets from 3 to 5. 5Pounds depending on different types of tickets. There is only one entrance into the Castle, therefore after visitors purchase the tickets; they have admission to any of the places inside Nottingham Castle which includes the indoor facilities: museum, art gallery and outdoor facilities: Victorian bandstand, playground. It can be seen that Nottingham Castle has both the educational and entertainment functions which are suitable for family leisure activity. Figure 1: Nottingham Castle process and layout diagram Source: BBC Local Nottingham Website Nottingham Castle is surrounded by walls, when visitors go into the castle gatehouse they will see a beautiful garden and the castle atop the hill. As can be seen in the Figure 1, Nottingham Castle has tried to arrange a route for visitors. Visitors usually are attracted by the Robin Hood statue just outside the castle before heading to the castle gatehouse to purchase the tickets. Once inside the Castle, visitors can access any facility to their likings and do not necessarily have to follow the route which is suggested by Nottingham Castle. According to BBC Nottingham local website, the route suggested by Nottingham Castle shown as below: Robin Hood Statue Castle Gatehouse Victorian Bandstand Eastern Terrace Guard Room Dungeon 01 Dungeon 02 Long Gallery Castle Roof Soldiers Tunnel Mortimer’s Hole Cannon Position Miller’s Cottage In this case, Nottingham Castle could be classified as process layout. This is because when visitors flow through the operation, they choose a route from facility to facility according to their needs. (Slack et al. , 2004) Nottingham Castle is considered a small Castle. The museum and gallery are all located inside the Castle. The space of the exhibition compare to many other museums is on the smaller side. The Castle Cafe and shop are not very busy during the day. Visitors normally spend one to two hours to see all the facilities. Therefore, the volume of its output is low. Moreover, when visitors go to the gatehouse, the staffs are not only selling tickets but also in charge of the gift shop. Slack et al. (2004) state that when the volume is lower, â€Å"the number of staff will be lower and therefore individual staffs are likely to perform a wider range of tasks† (p. 0) this situation can be observed at Nottingham Castle. It might cause visitors to wait in the long queue, because of the customers who want to buy gift and tickets have to wait at the same counter. Once the visitors are in the Castle, they can access many attractions. For adults, they can enjoy the art and historical display; children can experience the outdoor playground and some indoor displays which are design for kids on ground floor. Furthermore, Nottingham Castle hold different events and tours throughout the year. (Table 1) These information shows that Nottingham Castle provides high variety of services. However, when there is no special event, the outdoor facilities tend to be idle. The function of playground and bandstand will be low. Table 1: Nottingham Castle events and tours Events| Time| Outdoor theatre| June, July and August| Robin Hood Pageant| October| Christmas events including visiting Santa| Christmas| Fireworks| | Historical en-enactments| | Indoor and outdoor activities for families| All year long| Festivals and fairs| | Cave tours| Tuesday – Sunday| Private hire| | During the weekends, holidays and school vacations, the number of visitors will increase. In addition, the castle is closed on Mondays; the number of visitors can fluctuate greatly depending on the time of the year. You read "Operations Management London Zoo and Nottimham Castle Case Study" in category "Free Case study samples" Along with big crowds,variation of demands can arise. It is then crucial for the Nottingham Castle staffs to assist the patrons when necessary. Visitors do not need to spend for a long time to find staffs for assistant. The transforming resources such as: Castle, Museum and gallery are highly visible to the visitors. The second case in this essay is London Zoo. Since it opened in 1828, London Zoo has been one of the most favorite attractions in England. (Watt and Stuart, 1995, p. ) Similar to Nottingham Castle, London Zoo adopt process layout as their operation layout type. Visitors do not have many limitations after they get into the zoo. Once inside the Zoo, not only staff and facilities are transforming resources but so are animals. Therefore, the collection of animals and their well-being is very important for the zoo. The average number of visitors during holidays, weekends and special events tend to be high. The number of visitors can peak at 18,000 people per day compare to 4000 to 6000 people on average. (Watt and Stuart, 1995) Base on these figures, the volume of London Zoo’s output is high. Moreover,London Zoo offers high-variety service. They have grown their animal collections and developed children’s zoo, education centre †¦etc. Additionally, questionnaires are sent out to customers to help them improve their daily operation. Although the volume of London Zoo is high, the Variation of demand is quite high as well. According to Watt and Stuart (1995), daily number of visitors fluctuated dramatically. The lowest and highest visitor numbers are 48 and 18. 000 people. London Zoo is predicted as a high visibility leisure facility. Most of the transforming resources are visible to the visitors. During peak periods, the zoo will hire more temporary stuff to help permanent stuff and thus provides customers a better experience. After carefully examining each facility’s operations management, we can then compare and contrast them side by side. As discussed,the Nottingham Castle and the London Zoo have the same type of operation layout which is process layout. One disadvantage of process layout is customer queuing. (Slack et al. , 2004, p. 217) This issue is present in both of the two cases, especially during peak periods. London Zoo has queue everywhere, even the food in the shop is not up to the demand. Watt and Stuart, 1995) The other problem which appeared in author’s own experience was the clarity of flow in Nottingham Castle was low. Although visitors are free to choose their own route, the signposts in Nottingham Castle appear to be not clear. The unclear signposts sometimes confuse visitors; causing visitors to be unsure whether they have been to the all th e facilities on each floor. This problem match another possible disadvantage of process layout which is complex flow could be difficult to control. These two disadvantages both affect visitor’s experiences adversely. As we know customers’ satisfaction is crucial to any business sustainability and credibility. Therefore, improvement should be taken to upgrade their service quality. Refer to the difference between the four Vs in each facility. (Figure 2) Due to the size of the facility, London Zoo tends to have higher volume and variety to their outputs. Furthermore, London Zoo shows higher degree of visibility than Nottingham Castle. This is not only about contacts with the staff, but also higher visibility of the transforming resources to visitors. For instance, sometimes, visitors could have the chance to see workers feeding the animals. Hence,there is more interaction between transformed and transforming resources in London Zoo. Figure 2: Nottingham Castle and London Zoo Four Vs One common issue between both facilities is high variation in demand. This could lead to unstable financial statements and high unit costs. (Slack et al. , 2004) For leisure facilities, not surprisingly, the number of visitors varies from period to period. For example, during the summer vacation or school holidays, more families are willing to visit leisure facilities. The number of visitors will also get a boost when there are special events. This kind of unpredictable situation has a great impact on both places, especially the London Zoo. â€Å"On the Easter and August Bank holidays we can easily reach 10,000 people. † (Watt and Stuart, 1995, p. 8) Having a huge number of visitors in a day might be a good thing on short term profits. However, fluctuation of visitors can be a challenging obstacle to formulate a long term plan for due to the uncertain demands between peak and down times without sacrificing the quality of product. The shortage of stuff and products can lower the service quality which directly affects its reputation. As London Zoo’s director Jo Gipps said: (Watt and Stuart, 1995, p. 12) â€Å"They (visitors) will spread their dissatisfaction or disappointment by ‘word-of-mouth’. The consequence will be that visitors will not return, and new visitors will not be attracted† Since London Zoo is a bigger facility than Nottingham Castle, the temporary shortage on staff and products in busy months should have more impacts on its overall customers’ experiences. Thus, having a plan to cope with the short term increasing demands is even more vital for the Zoo to include in its operations management. This essay described Nottingham Castle and London Zoo in terms of operations management. After identifying each of facilities’ characteristic, it can be found that the basic layout adopted by both is process layout. Since visitors are free to move inside the zoo and the castle, the layouts of facilities need to maximize the traffic flow and put down well indicated signs for the visitors. The appropriate management of the traffic flow and the demands that are associated with a big crowd of people is a major mission for both the Nottingham Castle and the London Zoo. To some extent, Nottingham Castle and London Zoo have many similarities. Continual developments are the keys to attract more visitors to both places. However, due to the size of the facility and the nature of services provided, London Zoo has a more complex and dynamic operation process. In order to be competitive among today’s competitive leisurely activities choices, The Zoo needs to constantly reinvent itself with new acquisition of animals, interesting promotions to keep its spot light in potential customers’ minds. Therefore, the important resource for the Zoo is new capital which can help it explore new developments. On the other hand, the Nottingham Castle is a historic museum. The beauty of the Castle is its originality. There is simply not enough room nor need for new developments, but what the Castle would need is better representations of the history and stories of the Castle. And these improvements should be implemented on the guided tours, and better trained staff members. This is obviously not a single way to manage both of these multifaceted leisure facilities. Each case is unique of its own and should require careful considerations before implementing changes that suite its best interest. How to cite Operations Management London Zoo and Nottimham Castle Case Study, Free Case study samples

Qualitative Research Interview

Question: Describe about the Article for Qualitative Research for Interview. Answer: One of the most efficient methods of qualitative research is interview. It allows the researcher to gather in-depth qualitative information about the research participants through direct interaction. A qualitative research approach is needed for research to be conducted on Saudi education. It is because the researcher has the option to interact with extensive range of participants. The key research tool in semi-structured interviews is the researcher himself. He facilitates the interviewees to narrate their stories and experiences through the development of his questions and responsiveness to them. It is of utter importance to interact with persons working on improving the education system and providing education to understand the real impact of westernisation on Saudi education. To have a better understanding of the attitudes, views and feelings of the participants the researchers must collect qualitative data from numerous sources which can be analysed properly. It is useful for research to use the experience of the policy makers as they are capable of providing valuable insights into their practices and knowledge. Semi-structured interviews are helpful in two ways. First, it helps in accepting the outlook of the respondants. Second the researcher may also acquire useful data about the participants perceptions (Silverman, 2013). The researcher can gather more information from face-to-face interviews. The participants may also express their attitudes and opinions from a policy makers perspective how he ideas of the west can affect the Saudi education. Researchers should gain the insight of the teachers and head teachers of schools by conducting face-to-face semi-structured interviews. This is necessary because it is the teachers and head teachers who are responsible to adopting as well as implementing the western ideas. The important information that can be collected from the research participants by the researcher may prove to be useful in adding to the findings of the research (Silverman, 2013).The person researching will be in a better place to conduct the research effectively as he is in a situation to understand the observation of the research respondents. The researcher will be more thoughtful about the research regarding the ethical issues. As the setting of the research is the Saudi Arabia, the initial draft of interview questions are prepared in English and then translated into Arabic. There are several types of translations as suggested by Maxwell (2012). They are: back translation, multiple-forward translation, statistical review and translation review done by bilingual judges. Brislin (1970) opined that back translation is an effective process off translation in cross-cultural translations and it was used for translating the English question to Arabic in this research. This method has been adopted by Al-Harbi (2007) and most of the Arabic researcher for their PhD studies. The process of back translation as explained by Brislin (1970) has four steps: (a) translation of the original script into target language; (b) check the grammar of the target transcript; (c) translating back to the original language to check it against it; and (d) pre-testing the translation before final application. The translation procedure sta rts with the selection of the appropriate characteristics that require translation. Maxwell (2012) said this process requires superior level of knowledge in both the original (English) and target language, proper cultural understanding of the target language and sound skills in developing interview questions. For this research, four bilingual individuals who have experience in translating research questions and expertise in English-Arabic translation were employed. The task of reassessing the researchers conversion of the survey questions from original to target language was assigned to the first expert as he specialised in English-Arabic translation. The outcome of this assessment was handed over to the second expert for checking the grammar and soundness of the translation. The other two experts back translated the transcript into the original language. They also check it against the initial transcript. The outcome of the conversion was thorough and the meanings of the questions w ere compatible to each other in both English and Arabic. During the interviews, several notes were taken. At the end of the interview the participants were asked about any ambiguity, comments and criticisms about the questions. Such expressions of the pilot participants were useful in improving the questions further. It also helped in structuring the interview more logically for the main study. I got an opportunity to perform and carry out the semi structured interview techniques from the feedback. There is possibility of distortion or loss of data because of nonexistence non-verbal and visual cues (Cohen et al., 2013). The advantages are: The geographical distance between the participants and the researcher at times prevents face-to-face interviews due to shortage of time (Anderson and Arsenault, 1998). Feelings of embarrassment are reduced (Cohen et al., 2013) and honesty is encouraged (Anderson and Arsenault, 1998) in absence of face to face contact while asking sensitive or difficult questions. Interviewing teachers, head teachers and policy makers in the comfort of their own homes diminished the possibilities of interruption and thus, they could reflect better on the questions asked.

Faith and Evolution free essay sample

Erik Easler Professor Pelphrey Writing Seminar October 27, 2011 Faith and Evolution In the Catholic Christian religion, the essential belief is that Jesus of Nazareth was the son of god God who was born of the Virgin Mary, became man, and died on the cross for all of man kinds sins. However, many people who are catholic Vatholic believe that God created the Earth six thousands of years ago, a belief referred to as creationism. One particular group of Catholics Christans called Baptists, do not question the authority of the bible Bible and believe it word for word, and this is here I tend to disagree. I was born and raised a catholicCatholic, and I still believe with all my heart and soul that Jesus was in fact the son of god God and do my best to follow the morals taught in the good book. When it comes to what I believe in terms of how the Earth was made created though, the theory of evolution seems to make a lot more sense to me. With all the logical points that it makes, I feel believe like it has more truth to it than the theory of creationism, ; after all, it was not god God who wrote the bibleBible. Essentially, I believe that you can continue to have aith for Jesus, God, and the morality of the bible without believing that every last word is one hundred percent accurate. In other words, I believe it is possible for a Catholic to still be faithful even if they also think that Darwins theory is true. The theory of evolution was started by a man named Charles Darwin. Darwin was born on February 12th of 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was born into a wealthy family that had many connections. His maternal grandfather was china manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood, while his paternal grandfather was Erasmus Darwin, who appened to be one of the leading intellectuals of 18th century England. Darwins initial plan was to pursue a medical career at Edinburgh University, but later switched to divinity at Cambridge. In 1831, Darwin Joined a voyage on the survey ship HMS Beagle. During this time period, almost all Europeans believed in the creationism belief that the world was created by God in seven days as described in the bibleBible. On this voyage, Darwin read a book called Principles of Geology which suggested that the fossils found in rocks were actually evidence of animals that had lived many thousands or millions of years ago. Lyells argument was reinforced in Darwins own mind by the wide variety of animal life and the many geological features he saw during this trip. The breakthrough in Darwins ideas came on the Galapagos Islands, which is about 500 miles west of the continent of South America. While on these islands, Darwin observed that each island had its own form of finch, all of which were closely related but differed in important ways. This sparked many new ideas in Darwins mind that eventually lead him to coming up with a theory that would change the way we think about things. When Darwin ventually got back to England in 1836, he worked endlessly trying to use his observations he had made to put the pieces of the puzzle together to discover how species evolved. Intluenced by the works ot a man named Malthus, Darwin proposed his theory of evolution through a process called natural selection. Natural selection basically Just means that animals and plants best suited to their environment are the most likely to survive and reproduce, passing on the characteristics which helped them survive to their offspring. Through this, new species develop over time. Darwin worked on this for about twenty years and made a Joint announcement with another naturalist named Alfred Wallace who had similar ideas about their discovery in 1858. A year later, Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. This book at the time was extremely controversial, because it suggested that man had evolved from another animal such as an ape. Darwin was criticized by many people, especially by the church, because his theory had destroyed the prevailing orthodoxy on how the world was created. However, Darwins ideas later gained currency and have become the modern day orthodoxy. Even after his death on April 19th of 1882, today his ideas are proving to be very accurate. Many Catholics Christisns today still believe in the methods of creationism, but those that believe in creationism, even if they know about evolution, continue to believe otherwise because they believe it is a test of their faith from God. As a Catholic myself, I can fully understanding being respectful to God because I do my best every day to give him thanks for what I have almost every day in some way, shape, or form. However, in the commandment Thou shall not lie I am not perfect in this regard, but I follow it the best I possibly can. Through it I am always looking to seek the truth, and while ignorance itself is not lying, it can still mislead in a similar way. For example, back in the renaissance days of scientific oppression, many other great minds of the time, in the same way that Darwin was in his time, were attacked by the church for going against the Catholic belief even though they had solid proof through their experiments. Galileo for example was attacked by the church for believing that our solar system was actually heliocentric, instead of believing the common belief that everything revolved around the world. Despite the fact that Galileo had proof of this through many experiments, the church refused to open itself up to the new ideas all because one of the biblical authors thought that everything revolved around the Earth. For these men who were ahead of their time, it was never a matter of disproving the church; it was a matter of proving what is true. Perhaps if more Catholics learned to be less adamant and more open about beliefs, than I think it is quite possible that if we had been more open back then to different ideas, we could be in a far more advanced technological world today. Along with not being very pen about new views, the church along with its creationist believers also seems to ignore the facts that back up Darwins theory. Five of the most essential of these points include the universal genetic code, the fossil record, genetic commonalities, common traits in embryos, and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. While there are many other strong points that also back up the Theory of Evolution, these five sum up most of the previously stated definition of the theory. Be sure to introduce who came up with this proof and what it entails. Essentially, you should come to terms with it. According to the universal genetic code All cells on Earth, from white blood cells to simple bacteria, all have a genetic code that can be determined (5 proofs). This seems to suggest that if all life has a genetic code that has a composition that can be determined, then perhaps all ot lite did in tact descend trom common ancestry. Since Darwins theory suggests that all life came from a common ancestor, this point backs up what Darwin was trying to say quite nicely. Along with the universal genetic code, one must also consider the fossil record. This record states that the simplest fossils will be found in the oldest rocks. There is also a smooth and gradual transition from one form of life to another (5 proofs). This suggests that since the simplest forms of life were found in the oldest rocks, then these simple forms of life must have been the first forms of life which adapted to their surroundings over time. This point along with the last one also does an exceptional Job of giving the Theory of Evolution some reinforcement. To continue off of what the fossil record was stating one also should consider genetic commonalities. Genetic commonalities consider that Human beings have approximately 96% of genes in common with chimpanzees, about 90% of enes in common with cats, 80% with cows, 75% with mice, and so on (5 proofs). While this does not necessarily prove that we descended from chimps, it definitely seems to suggest that the species listed all had some sort of common ancestor before they naturally developed into what they are today. This points further backs up Darwins idea that all life came from a common ancestor. To extend off of the topic of genetic commonalties, one must also consider some of the common traits that are found in embryos. Common traits that are found suggest that Humans, dogs, snakes, fish, monkeys, etc. re all considered chordates because they belong to the phylum Chordata. One of the features of this phylum is that, as embryos, all these life forms have gill slits, tails, and specific anatomical structures involving the spine. For humans in particular, the gill slits reform into the bones of the ear and Jaw at a later stage in development (5 proofs). All this says is that initially, all chordate embryos seem to strongly resemble each other. Pigs for example, which also come from the phylum Chordata, are often dissected in many biology classes due to how similar their embryos are to humans. What this also seems to infer is that these common characteristics could only be possible if all members of the Chordata phylum came from a common ancestor, which again reinforces Darwins idea. Finally, the last of these five essential points is that one has to consider how bacteria over time build up resistances to antibiotics. According to this point Bacteria colonies can only build up a resistance to antibiotics through evolution. In every colony of bacteria, there are a tiny few individuals which are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics. This is due to the random nature of mutations (5 points). When an antibiotic is applied, the initial inoculation kills most of the bacteria, and leaves behind only a few cells which happen to have the mutations necessary to resist the antibiotics. When these bacteria reproduce, they pass down their mutations characteristics and these future generations become resistant to the specific antibiotic. This specific example is probably one of the best because it is essentially what natural selection is, which a big part of Darwins theory is. All the bacteria that can survive this do and pass down their genes, and whatever else dies out. With ll of this in mind it is also important to consider some of the points that creationism makes so that one does not appear close minded to evolution either. Creationism is one of the oldest and most believed theories in the world. Generally speaking, it is the belief that God created the world in seven days. The greatest argument that creationists nave to otter is that all t li e seems designed, and scientists come to terms with why that is. For example, the trees and plants provide oxygen for animals and people, the animals and people provide the carbon dioxide for the trees and plants. Another good point they make is that the minds of people are all different from one another. For example, Just because man is all the same race, that does not mean we all think the same way. The creationists explanation for this is that it is all due to Gods divine intervention. In conclusion, I believe that evolution is the most logical explanation for how life came to be despite some of the good points that creationists make. As a catholic, I feel that I have the free will to believe this because nothing in the Ten Commandments or and golden rule states that the bible is one hundred ercent accurate.

Challenges to Studying Abroad - Essay Sample

Challenges to Studying Abroad - Essay SampleIf you are still in college, trying to decide whether or not you should take a semester of study abroad to learn a foreign language, or even if you have already studied abroad and want a second chance to do it again, there is a great need for an essay sample. The essay sample will let you know whether or not you are good enough to go overseas and what a second chance is like. This is the best way to determine if you have what it takes to study abroad with a foreign language because if you do not, it will be difficult to get into a good school and get into the top universities.A lot of people make a very serious mistake when they decide to study abroad. They do not do it for the sake of learning a foreign language but rather they are in need of money to get out of a really bad job or financial crisis. Therefore they do not make a choice between English and a foreign language. The mistakes that you can make when you decide to study abroad is neglecting to do a proper essay sample which is why you need a perfect essay sample.When you are deciding whether or not you should study abroad, the first thing that you need to know is that there are several different types of schools in many different countries, therefore you need to figure out which ones will be the best school for you. Of course, if you are going to study abroad with a foreign language, you are in the best type of school to attend because that is where the professors are educated and learned to speak a foreign language. The problem is that the professors are already able to communicate in the native language so the difficulty is only about the language.It is not a hard decision to make if you know the challenges to studying abroad. There are many challenges that you need to learn to handle. These challenges may include missing your class time because of the time spent in class, going back home after all that time studying abroad, and having to find ways to cope with people who do not understand English.A great essay sample will let you know which aspects of the professors will help you with your grades. For example, if the professor cannot understand you because he only speaks English, you can tell them that you need a good English tutor to help you learn to understand the professor. You also need to give your professor a list of questions and the answers to these questions. In this way, you can put a face to the teacher's words.What you need to know when you are deciding whether or not you should study abroad is that there are challenges that you need to face when you are studying abroad. You can avoid some of the challenges by avoiding one-on-one conversation with professors. You also need to be able to ask questions about the professor and the class. You can get an answer to these questions by just asking these questions.What you need to remember when you are deciding whether or not you should study abroad is that you need to come up w ith a good essay sample. By writing a good essay sample, you will let people know how you will handle the challenges of studying abroad. So the next time you decide to take a semester of study abroad, consider writing a good essay sample to give to someone who can help you with your difficulties.